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Kamis, 15 Agustus 2013

KACANG MEMBUAT GINJAL SEHAT

Buat Sisbro yang suka kacang seperti saya, tidak perlu takut jika mendengar dampak negatif mengkonsumsi kacang dapat menyebabkan muka berjerawat dan timbunan lemak di saluran peredaran darah. Namun mitos itu ditepis oleh Chung-Jyi Tsai. Peneliti dari Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Amerika Serikat itu meneliti efek konsumsi kacang tanah serta selai kacang terhadap ginjal.
 


Penelitiannya selama 20 tahun dilakukan terhadap 1.393.256 wanita yang tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit ginjal. Sejak 1980, Chung mengontrol keadaan seluruh sukarelawan melalui kuesioner setiap 2 tahun. Pertanyaannya berkisar seputar konsumsi kacang-kacangan segar maupun dalam bentuk olahan.

Hasilnya, 7.831 orang terbukti menderita penyakit ginjal dan organ itu diangkat (cholecystectomy). Dari kuesioner ditemukan penyakit itu diderita oleh sukarelawan yang tak pernah mengkonsumsi kacang tanah maupun olahannya. Sedangkan yang mengkonsumsi kacang-kacangan minimal 143 g per hari memiliki risiko rendah terkena penyakit ginjal, hanya 0,75%.



Sumber : http://www.trubus-online.co.id

Kamis, 16 Mei 2013

UJI BLUE (BEST LINEAR UNBIAS ESTIMATOR)


Menurut pendapat pendapat Algifari (2000:83) mengatakan: ”model regresi yang diperoleh dari metode kuadrat terkecil biasa (Odinary Least Square/OLS) merupakan model regresi yang menghasilkan estimator linear yang tidak bias yang terbaik (Best Linear Unbias Estimator/BLUE)” Untuk mendapatkan nilai pemeriksa yang efisien dan tidak bias atau BLUE dari satu persamaan regresi berganda dengan metode kuadrat terkecil (least square), maka perlu dilakukan pengujian untuk  mengetahui model regresi yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan  asumsi klasik. Biasanya uji ini dilakukan pada analisis dengan variabel yang jumlahnya lebih dari dua.
Sedikitnya ada 5 uji asumsi yang harus dilakukan terhadap model regresi tersebut yaitu:
1.      Uji Normalitas
2.      Uji Autokorelasi
3.      Uji Multikolinearitas
4.      Uji Heterokedasitas
5.      Uji Linearitas

1. Uji Normalitas
Menguji apakah dalam sebuah model regresi, variabel dependent, variabel independent atau keduanya mempunyai distribusi normal ataukah tidak. Model regresi yang baik adalah distribusi data normal atau mendekati normal.
Sebagai dasar bahwa uji t dan uji F mengasumsikan bahwa nilai residual mengikuti distribusi normal. Jika asumsi ini dilanggar maka model regresi dianggap tidak valid dengan jumlah sampel yang ada. Ada dua cara yang biasa digunakan untuk menguji normalitas model regresi tersebut yaitu dengan analisis grafik (normal P-P plot) dan analisis statistik (analisis Z skor skewness dan kurtosis) one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.
Pengertian normal secara sederhana dapat dianalogikan dengan sebuah kelas. Dalam kelas siswa yang bodoh sekali dan pandai sekali jumlahnya hanya sedikit dan sebagian besar berada pada kategori sedang atau rata-rata. Jika kelas tersebut bodoh semua maka tidak normal, atau sekolah luar biasa. Dan sebaliknya jika suatu kelas banyak yang pandai maka kelas tersebut tidak normal atau merupakan kelas unggulan. Pengamatan data yang normal akan memberikan nilai ekstrim rendah dan ekstrim tinggi yang sedikit dan kebanyakan mengumpul di tengah. Demikian juga nilai rata-rata, modus dan median relatif dekat.
Uji normalitas dapat dilakukan dengan uji histogram, uji normal P Plot, uji Chi Square, Skewness dan Kurtosis atau uji Kolmogorov Smirnov. Rasio skewness dan rasio kutosis dapat dijadikan petunjuk apakah suatu data berdistribusi normal atau tidak. Rasio skewness adalah nilai skewness dibagi dengan nilai standar error skewness; sedang rasio kurtosis adalah nilai kurtosis dibagi dengan standar error kurtosis. Sebagai pedoman bila rasio kurtosis dan skewness berada antara -2 hingga +2, maka distribusi data adalah normal.(Santoso,2000;53).
Tidak ada metode yang paling baik atau paling tepat. Tipsnya adalah bahwa pengujian dengan metode grafik sering menimbulkan perbedaan persepsi di antara beberapa pengamat, sehingga penggunaan uji normalitas dengan uji statistik bebas dari keragu-raguan, meskipun tidak ada jaminan bahwa pengujian dengan uji statistik lebih baik dari pada pengujian dengan metode grafik.
Jika residual tidak normal tetapi dekat dengan nilai kritis (misalnya signifikansi Kolmogorov Smirnov sebesar 0,049) maka dapat dicoba dengan metode lain yang mungkin memberikan justifikasi normal. Tetapi jika jauh dari nilai normal, maka dapat dilakukan beberapa langkah yaitu: melakukan transformasi data, melakukan trimming data outliers atau menambah data observasi. Transformasi dapat dilakukan ke dalam bentuk Logaritma natural, akar kuadrat, inverse, atau bentuk yang lain tergantung dari bentuk kurva normalnya, apakah condong ke kiri, ke kanan, mengumpul di tengah atau menyebar ke samping kanan dan kiri.

2. Uji Autokorelasi
Ada beberapa cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi ada tidaknya autokorelasi.     Pertama, uji Durbin Witson (DW test). Uji hanya digunakan untuk autokorelasi tingkat satu (first order autocorrelation) dan mensyratkan adanya intercept dalam model regresi dan tidak ada variabel lag di antara variabel penjelas. Hipotesis yang diuji adalah:
Ho : p = 0 (baca: hipotesis nolnya adalah tidak ada autokorelsi)
Ho : p ≠ 0 (baca: hipotesis alternatifnya adalah ada autokorelasi)

Keputusan ada atau tidaknya autokorelasi adalah:
*      Bila DW berada diantara DU sampai dengan 4-DU maka koefisien autokorelasi sama dengan nol. Artinya, tidak ada autokorelasi
*      Bila nilai DW lebih kecil daripada DL, koefisien autokorelasi lebih besar daripada nol. Artinya ada auokorelasi positif.
*      Bila nilai DW terletak di antara DL dan DU, maka tidak dapat disimpulkan.
*      Bila nilai DW lebih besar daripada 4-DL, koefisien autokorelasi lebih besar daripada nol. Artinya ada autokorelasi negatif.
*      Bila nilai DW terletak di antara 4-DU dan 4-DL, maka tidak dapat disimpulkan.

3. Uji Multikolinearitas
Uji multikolinearitas bertujuan untuk menguji apakah model regresi ditemukan adanya korelasi antar variabel bebas (independent variable). Model regresi yang baik seharusnya tidak terjadi korelasi di antara variabel bebas, karena jika hal tersebut terjadi maka variabel-variabel tersebut tidak ortogonal atau terjadi kemiripan. Variabel ortogonal adalah variabel bebas yang nilai korelasi antar sesama variabel bebas bernilai nol. Uji ini untuk menghindari kebiasan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan mengenai pengaruh parsial masing-masing variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen. Untuk mendeteksi apakah terjadi problem multikol dapat melihat nilai tolerance dan lawannya variace inflation factor (VIF). Uji Multikolinearitas dilakukan dengan melihat nilai tolerance dan variance inflation factor (VIF) dari hasil analisis dengan menggunakan SPSS. Apabila nilai tolerance value lebih tinggi daripada 0,10 atau VIF lebih kecil daripada 10 maka dapat disimpulkan tidak terjadi multikolinearitas (Santoso. 2002 : 206).
Uji multikolinearitas adalah untuk melihat ada atau tidaknya korelasi yang tinggi antara variabel-variabel bebas dalam suatu model regresi linear berganda. Jika ada korelasi yang tinggi di antara variabel-variabel bebasnya, maka hubungan antara variabel bebas terhadap variabel terikatnya menjadi terganggu. Sebagai ilustrasi, adalah model regresi dengan variabel bebasnya motivasi, kepemimpinan dan kepuasan kerja dengan variabel terikatnya adalah kinerja. Logika sederhananya adalah bahwa model tersebut untuk mencari pengaruh antara motivasi, kepemimpinan dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja. Jadi tidak boleh ada korelasi yang tinggi antara motivasi dengan kepemimpinan, motivasi dengan kepuasan kerja atau antara kepemimpinan dengan kepuasan kerja.
Beberapa alternatif cara untuk mengatasi masalah multikolinearitas adalah sebagai berikut:
  • Mengganti atau mengeluarkan variabel yang mempunyai korelasi yang tinggi.
  • Menambah jumlah observasi.
  • Mentransformasikan data ke dalam bentuk lain, misalnya logaritma natural, akar kuadrat atau bentuk first difference delta.
  • Dalam tingkat lanjut dapat digunakan metode regresi bayessian yang masih jarang sekali digunakan.

4. Uji Heteroskadstisitas
Pada uji heteroskedastisitas, seperti halnya uji Normalitas, cara yang sering digunakan dalam menentukan apakah suatu model terbebas dari masalah heteroskedastisitas atau tidak hanya dengan melihat pada Scatter Plot dan dilihat apakah residual memiliki pola tertentu atau tidak. Cara ini menjadi fatal karena pengambilan keputusan apakah suatu model terbebas dari masalah heterokedastisitas atau tidak hanya berpatok pada pengamatan gambar saja tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya. Banyak metoda statistik yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan apakah suatu model terbebas dari masalah heteroskedastisitas atau tidak, seperti misalnya uji White, Uji Park, Uji Glejser, dan lain-lain.
Salah satu uji yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam SPSS adalah uji Glejser. Uji Glejser secara umum dinotasikan sebagai berikut:
 = b1 + b2 X2 + V
Dimana:
                    = nilai absolut dari residual yang dihasilkan dari regresi model
    X2           = Variabel penjelas
Bila variabel penjelas secara statistik signifikan memengaruhi residual maka dapat dipastikan dengan model ini memiliki masalah heteroskedastisitas.


5. Uji Linearitas
Uji ini digunakan untuk melihat apakah spesifikasi model yang digunakan yaitu studi empiris linier, kuadrat, atau kubik. Ada tiga uji yang bisa dilakukan untuk mendeteksi yaitu uji Durbin Watson, uji Ramsey, dan uji Langrange Multiplier.
Uji linearitas dipergunakan untuk melihat apakah model yang dibangun mempunyai hubungan linear atau tidak. Uji ini jarang digunakan pada berbagai penelitian, karena biasanya model dibentuk berdasarkan telaah teoretis bahwa hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikatnya adalah linear. Hubungan antar variabel yang secara teori bukan merupakan hubungan linear sebenarnya sudah tidak dapat dianalisis dengan regresi linear, misalnya masalah elastisitas.
Jika ada hubungan antara dua variabel yang belum diketahui apakah linear atau tidak, uji linearitas tidak dapat digunakan untuk memberikan adjustment bahwa hubungan tersebut bersifat linear atau tidak. Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasikan apakah sifat linear antara dua variabel yang diidentifikasikan secara teori sesuai atau tidak dengan hasil observasi yang ada. Uji linearitas dapat menggunakan uji Durbin-Watson





Rabu, 27 Maret 2013

Football Manager

Bagi para Sister and Brother (Sisbro) yang suka dengan permainan yang ga membutuhkan banyak tenaga alias ga pake gamepad (stik) namun asik dan menyenangkan w saranin coba deh main game ini.
Apalgi kl sisbro suka sama yang namanya olahraga sepakbola and kepingin jadi mandor alias manajernya udah pasti Football Manager game yg cocok buat anda.

Di sini kita bs jadi manajer sebuah klub sepakbola di negara manapun termasuk Indonesia yang menjadi favorit sisbro seperti MU,Milan,Real Madrid, Persija dsb. Kita juga bisa menjadi manajer timnas jg loh bwt ikutin kejuaraan internasional kyak World Cup, Olimpiade,Piala Asia, Euro dll pokoknya komplit d.

Sebagai Manjer kita bisa beli, pecat and jual pemain, pelatih, scout, physio,asisten manajer,dsb. Kita juga bisa beli and bangun stadium loh tergantung finance kita.masalah finance saya bisa bantu biar dapat uang banyak tinggal komen aja.
Pokoknya game ini mirip banget d mirip banget deh kayak manajer sepakbola di kehidupan nyata.
Ga percaya?Coba dulu.....

Selamat Mencoba n Have Fun

Selasa, 26 Juni 2012

5 Great Ways to Reach Your Target Market


There are many ways to reach out and find the people you are trying to attract for your business. Here are just a handful of ways to get you started:

1) Attend organization meetings
Where do people in your target market hang out? Research this, and then plan to attend a meeting or two to mix and mingle. What better way to meet and get to know these individuals while learning more about the market?

2) Offer to speak at a meeting or conference
What do you have to offer that you feel could be of value to those you are trying to reach out to? Present a short talk or slide show on a helpful topic. Be sure you present something of value to the group. What helpful tips or other material would hold ther attention, and entice them to learn more about you and what you do? Just give them a small taste of your skills and knowledge. Chances are, they will want to talk to you after the presentation.

3) Advertise in publications your target market reads
The Internet is a great place to research what publications are out there. You can probably even get your advertisement to appear online as well as in the hard copy of a publication. Advertising can be rather expensive, so be careful with this one!

4) Present a free teleclass
If you are not confident in your public speaking skills, but still feel you have something of value to teach those you are trying to influence, try offering a no-cost teleclass. It is usually fairly inexpensive to rent a bridge line to host your class. You can teach from the comfort of your own home, too. This is also a great way to get a list of names to add to your subscriber list for mailings. If you are comfortable with this option, you can charge a small fee for future teleclasses you hold, which will bring you some passive income.

5) Start a blog
Write daily or weekly posts related to subject matter that will pique the interest of your target market. Spend time researching particular topics that you can write about. Then, add some pizazz...get excited when you post the information to your blog. If you're excited about something, others will be too. And don't forget to use keywords. These are what the search engines will use to find the content in your blog and draw others to it.

Readbud.com

Be A Leader Not A Follower


Most people in life are happy to follow the lead of other people, to sit on the fence in a debate or have the attitude of hiding at the back of the class. The most successful people are leaders and make things happen for themselves by taking a positive attitude and through working very hard to reach their goals. We are all able to become leaders and this article may help you to achieve this status.
I grew up as a very nervous person, who had very little self-confidence and who was very shy. I was not happy being this way and often felt jealous of other people who were happy to speak up and take control of tasks and situations. I wanted to be one of these leaders and not the follower that I certainly had become.
In my early twenties, I decided that the time had arrived to make a series of life changing decisions. I was determined to have a happy and successful life and was aware that I needed to change my whole attitude and approach to life.
I was not happy at where I worked and joined an employment agency in an attempt to find alternative employment. In the reception area of the agency, I started speaking to a man who was also their hoping to find a different job. His name was Mark and we got on well and wished each other the best of luck in our quest to find work. We even exchanged phone numbers and vowed to keep each other up to date with our progress.
I was then interviewed by a man who explained his plan to help me to find this new role of work. He was very bright, clever and positive and had many interesting ideas. He seemed very confident that I would soon be employed for a different company more suited to the skills which I had.
At one stage of the meeting he described the scenario of a group interview. He suggested that we may be ushered into a large room with a big table. As we sat down there would be a sheet of paper asking the group to debate a particular subject. He stated that all of the people in the room would be in the same position, all looking for work, all nervous, however that in that room I could be whoever I wanted to be. He said that I needed to stand up and take the lead by stating that I would act as chairman and that if anyone had a comment that they wanted to make, that they could raise their hand. If I did this I would show my prospective employer that I was a leader
I went home and thought about this and did not believe I had it in me to act in the way that he wanted me to, as I was not a leader. Later that evening Mark phoned and all he was talking about was the group interview scenario. He also stated that there was no way that he would be able to stand up either in the way that had been described.
I did not have to ever attend a group interview, but Mark did. He surprised himself by carrying out the advice and stated that after he had said his initial statement about being the chairman, that he had never felt so powerful and in control. For the rest of the day other members of the group had been regularly asking him questions as if he was some sort of team leader. He was very proud of himself and I am happy to report that he was successful at that interview and is very happy in his new position.
He has also taken the success and learning experience into his social life and states that he has never had a higher self-esteem. I am very pleased for him as he is a genuine person who works very hard. He is also one of only a few friends that I can honestly say that I trust.
I have taken inspiration from Mark and have entered into a career of helping people who stutter, to achieve fluency. This is something which I really enjoy and which gives me a large amount of job satisfaction. I am also far more confident than I ever have been and have at last found happiness.
In conclusion we all have it in us to be a leader. We need to be brave and determined to take control and remember that all we can do in life is to try our best. We are only sure about living one life, so lets be happy and not accept second best. Be a leader in life, not a follower.

Readbud.com

7 Tips To Become A Star Tv Guest


How one expert made a splash on CNN'S Paula Zahn Now, and how you can, too
Cosmetic surgeon, Dr. Robert Kotler's New York based publicist, made contact with the Paula Zahn Now program on CNN to schedule an appearance. Here's what happened next.
1. Map out the segment with the producer
*I was referred to one of the *bookers* who did a quick screening and then put me in contact with an associate producer. Over several phone conversations, we worked out the subject matter of the 3-4 minute interview.*
NOTE: Once you've passed the *audition* with a booker you're passed to an associate (or other less senior) producer. Often after that first "audition" you must be screened by producers at higher and higher levels. If you're chosen then you begin to create a segment together.

2. Help the producer shape the segment
*The *backbone* of the spot was my recently published book, SECRETS OF A BEVERLY HILLS COSMETIC SURGEON, The Expert's Guide to Safe, Successful Surgery. The associate producer and I had discussed what I consider to be the non-frivolous and important consumer issues of the book, such as how to select a properly trained surgeon and how to be certain that the facility in which the surgery is to be performed is properly credentialed and hence safe. And even the issue of having an anesthesia specialist in the patient's service to assure comfort and safety. Those are the key gems for the consumer-reader-viewer.*
NOTE: Robert choose important issues of concern to Zahn's audience angling his ideas to suit her show. It's up to you to suggest ideas that would make a great segment. Listen to the producer's ideas and don't be shy about gently suggesting alternatives. A pro-active guest who knows his material is prized. Be sensitive though to how attached the producer is to his idea and suggest yours accordingly.

3. Expect the Unexpected
*On the air, the focus of the segment was somewhat different than I had been lead to expect. Paula Zahn, who is as smart, charming, and attractive off camera as on, was a hospitable and engaging interviewer. However, as comfortable as I was made to be, the questioning by Paula got stuck on *which celebrities have had what done.* And, they put up photos of some selected celebs and asked me to comment on them--including ones I had not seen prior.*
NOTE: Always be prepared for the unexpected. This is a frequent tactic of TV shows. If they had told Robert ahead of time what they were planning he may not have agreed to be their expert. Instead they lead him to believe that they would focus on what he considered important issues. To be fair to the show they may have planned to cover what was discussed, but changed their mind at the last minute. Or they may not have had time or didn't feel it was necessary to inform their guest of show changes.
Also, talk show hosts are expert at making you feel comfortable. It's their job to help you be a good guest (relaxed and credible)--as ones who are nervous don't come across well. A typical tactic is to put you at ease and then ask an unexpected question to get a candid response--which often makes for good television. Be ready. You can be candid and still speak to YOUR talking points.

4. Prepare your answers and bridge to them
*While I have had professional coaching on *guesting,* and understood how to redirect the questions, I decided to just *go along* with the trail of questions Paula posed. I could see that this was going to be a *light interview,* not hard news. Not that it was distasteful or unpleasant, but, frankly, it seemed redundant and wasteful of audience time. I felt the public deserves more significant information than yet another review of Joan Rivers' ultra--raised eyebrows or Michael Jackson's nose remnant.
While I did not expect a formal *book review* I felt the viewers would have appreciated knowing how to avoid the bad surgical results that everyone is so familiar with.
As I would have told the viewers, *If presumably smart and wealthy people can have such bad cosmetic surgery, how does the *average citizen* avoid it?* In the end, it was not a particularly informative session--a bit fluffy--and I saw that as an opportunity lost. But, hey, while it says Cable NEWS (italics mine) Network on the door, it is still first and foremost entertainment. Show biz. So, always be cognizant of that, I just rolled with it and enjoyed myself.*
NOTE: The show wanted the sexy celebrity angle, but Robert could have bridged to the information he thought was important with a phrase such as *Mistakes can happen to anyone, including celebrities like Michael Jackson. To prevent these mishaps for yourself you can*...and then he could have delivered the key points he wanted to cover such as the importance of a good anesthesiologist.

5. Follow the host's lead *and* make your points
*Yes, I could have diverted the conversation and tried to say what I thought needed to be said, but one has to weigh the benefit of taking that path and possibly being disfavored by the program and hence not be welcomed back or just going with the flow knowing that just *being there* and having the cover of the book flashed on screen is quite satisfactory for my purposes of promoting the book.*
NOTE: You can satisfy the host and yourself by balancing the information with what the host wants and what you want. If you transition gracefully by taking a few seconds to comment on their question and then a few seconds to focus on your point everyone will be satisfied.

6. Let the host and show promote your product
*Another unanticipated plus of appearing on the program was that during the entire day, the interview segment was promoted heavily and the repetition of my name throughout the day was a bonus that cannot be disregarded. I saw each hourly announcement as a *free advertisement.* I was happy.
Bottom line: Breathing or not breathing, dead or alive, being a guest on a nationally televised interview -- regardless of the quality of the interview--is worthwhile to any author or public figure. And, it is fun and a memorable experience for those of us from outside the media world. The producers liked the segment and, after all, it is their show.*
NOTE: Often times guests are overly promotional in an effort to make the most of their on-air time. You won't be invited back if you plug yourself or your product obviously. Find out ahead of time how your product will be positioned on the show. Let the host do the promoting. Your job is to give great information about the product, service or cause that incites your audience to take action.
BEFORE the show, and at the time your booking is confirmed, ask that your website, 800# etc. be displayed on the screen (this is called a chyron). Realize though, that some shows have policies not to do this. Ask also how your product will be positioned on the show. Always bring your product with you in the event they've lost the one you sent. This will insure that your product will get the publicity that you want. Better yet, if you can create interactive scenes that involve your product that are entertaining and witty you will be a hero.

7. Enjoy the recognition and propose a new segment
*Finally, and probably most importantly, my 87 year old parents thought I *looked very good on TV.* They liked my suit and tie selection. So, everyone was happy!*
NOTE: Make your parents proud. The kind of exposure you receive on national shows is invaluable for credibility -- with your parents, competition, clients, and other national shows. And you can increase your recognition by calling up other talk shows and suggesting a different angle of the topic you just covered. Also, while you're in studio propose another segment with a totally new angle. The time to pitch a segment is right then when everyone is happy with your appearance. Try and get a committed date on the spot.
Readbud.com

Six Important Managerial Skills for Leadership


A mark of a good leader is to provide constant motivation to his team to maintain an excellence and quality in results. A good leader is always looking for ways to improve production and standards. Here are six skills you can develop in working to attain quality in the team.

1. Observation
This is an important aspect that often gets neglected due the demands on a leader's time and schedule. Observation and regular visits to the work environment needs to be scheduled into the calendar. Observing employees work procedures and the work flow is foundational to implementing adjustments to improve results. To have credibility, a leader needs to be seen and be known to be up to date with what is happening in the work place.

2. Monitor Employee Performance
Employee performance needs to be monitored in mutually accepted ways. Policies and procedures need to be clear. Conferencing should be on a regular basis and not just when there is a problem. Assessments and evaluations should not be merely all formality or paperwork to be done. Individual and group conferencing should be undertaken with the expectation of on going professional development. There should be frequent encouragement and clear criteria for on going goals both for the group and individual.

3. Implementation of Professional Development Programs
A good leader evaluates weaknesses and provides training and development strategies to strengthen the weaker skills in the team.

4. Demonstrates Working Knowledge and Expertise
Good leadership comes from a place of strong knowledge and experience of the production and process leading to results. If a leader does not posses all the expertise and knowledge personally he should then hold regular consultations with experts. This is important in order to maintain an accurate and informed overall picture.

5. Good Decision Making
Good leadership is characterized by the ability to make good decisions. A leader considers all the different factors before making a decision. A clear decision creates confidence in the leadership.

6. Ability to Conduct and Evaluate Research
On going review and research is vital in order to keep on the cutting edge in business. While managing the present to ensure on going excellence in performance and product, a good leader is also able to look towards the future. Conducting and evaluating research is an important way of planning and being prepared for the future.

Excellent leadership is always pro active rather than reactive. By developing these six managerial skills a good leader is on the journey to becoming a great leader.

By Barbara White
readbud.com